วันจันทร์ที่ 4 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2565

Case for breach of contract to buy and sell condominiums, condominiums

In the case of unfinished construction or delayed The purchaser can claim damages as follows:

1 In case of unfinished construction (Stop building halfway) or not complete the construction within the specified time. The buyer has the right to cancel the contract and request a refund of the down payment with a 7.5% interest per annum from the initial payment date of the reservation.

2 cases of delayed construction caused by the seller or operator The law stipulates that the purchase and sale agreement must specify that the seller must pay a fine to the buyer on a daily basis at the rate of 0.01% of the purchase price. until it is completed and delivered to the customer or can be agreed on a case by case basis

«Meaning of Money»

1 Reservation money is the money paid. before the contract date In order to guarantee that the buyer will come to buy and sell contracts with the seller.

2 Deposit is money paid on the contract date to guarantee that the buyer will comply with the contract to buy and sell.

3 Down payment is money paid in installments. after the contract date in order to pay off some debts before the trading date

Reservations and deposits are money that is given to each other. which looks like a memorandum According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 377, unless the contract is written that the money is placed for other benefits. If the buyer breaches the contract and does not pay the remaining debt The seller has the right to forfeit these money as a deposit. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 378

Down payment is not a deposit because it is not a property that the parties have given to each other on the contract date. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 377, but is considered part of the settlement of property only, so if the buyer breaches the contract The seller will not have the right to forfeit this part of the down payment. According to the Supreme Court Judgment 3301/2547, unless in the case of a contract to buy and sell, there is a contract specified otherwise, such as stating in the contract like that. "...if the buyer breaches the contract The seller has the right to forfeit the down payment..." In such a case, the money in this section becomes a "penalty" that the seller has the right to forfeit if the buyer breaches the contract. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 379, but if it is too high, it can be reduced. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 383

Documents for filing a complaint

1 contract to buy and sell the apartment

2 receipts, deposit, reservation, down payment

3 Advertising evidence of the seller such as advertisements, brochures, websites, etc.

4 photos of the condition of the apartment and the building

5 Letter of termination of the contract

6 Company certificate Power of attorney for the seller

7 house registration, identity card, buyer

8 Additional notes attached to the contract (if any)

9 documents confirming the bank's disapproval (if any)

10 Power of Attorney (if any)

jurisdiction

1 File a complaint at the location of the company or place of contract

2 damages not exceeding 300,000 baht, go to the district court, if the damage exceeds 300,000 baht, go to the provincial court

Term: 10 years according to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 193/30

Area: If missing or overflowing more than 5% of the total area the buyer will refuse Or you can take it and use it for a fractional price. according to the choice according to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 466

ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับข้อความต้นฉบับนี้ต้องระบุข้อความต้นฉบับเพื่อดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำแปล

ส่งความคิดเห็น

แผงด้านข้าง

construction contract It is a contract of employment means a reciprocal contract in which the contractor agrees to do something for the employer until it is completed.

construction contract It is a contract of employment means a reciprocal contract in which the contractor agrees to do something for the employer until it is completed. and the employer agrees to pay for the success

In the event that the contractor requests wages

1 In the event that the employment has not been completed The employer may terminate the contract. but must pay compensation to the contractor

2 The exercise of the right to demand that the employer pay this wage assumed that the contractor is a trader Therefore, the claim must be used within 2 years from the date of delivery of the last installment according to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 193/34 (1).

3 If there is a dispute between the private sector and the government agency regarding the construction contract which is considered a utility It is a dispute about an administrative contract. The contractor must file a lawsuit with the Administrative Court.

4 in the work insurance section The contractor can claim within the age of 10 years from the end of the insurance period.

In the event that the employer requests due to work defects

1 If the contract does not specify otherwise The contractor is responsible for defects that appear within 1 year from the date of delivery. or appearing within 5 years if the act is a building attached to the ground Besides wooden houses unless the contractor conceals the defect

2 However, the employer must sue within 1 year from the date the damage appears.

3 If the building contractor delivers the defective building The employer likes to withhold wages until the contractor corrects the defect for good and completes. unless the contractor provides reasonable insurance but if the defect does not appear The employer must pay the wages in this section to the contractor. If the retention is delayed, it can be regarded as default on payment. and must be liable to pay debts with interest at a rate of 7.5 percent per annum from the date of default

The lawsuit filed for the withdrawal of the grant.

Giving is a contract whereby the giver transfers his or her property affectionately to the recipient. and the recipient accepts the property which cannot be withdrawn except for the reason of the ungrateful

Integrity : Only when "hand over the property"

» Real estate such as land, houses, condominiums or commercial buildings must be made in writing and registered with the competent official.

» empty handed land complete with delivery because it is considered that the giver has renounced his intent to occupy the land

» Dedicating land to the public domain of the land, for example, a public way or land for building a temple would immediately fall to the land according to the intention of the donor without the need to register with the competent official

Term: The giver must have not forgiven the recipient for such ungrateful conduct. and must sue to withdraw within 6 months from the date of acknowledgment of the ungrateful behavior, but not later than 10 years after the ungrateful behavior

Giving that unable to sue for revocation of giving Because of ungratefulness include:

1 When the giver has forgiven the recipient for his ungrateful behavior

2 When the giver dies without prosecution Heirs cannot sue themselves.

3 As a real gratuity (reward work)

4 Give something of a burdensome value.

5 given by duty and ethics according to moral duty

6 give in marriage

7 When the time has passed, six months have passed since the fact of being ungrateful. but not later than 10 years from the date that such ungratefulness occurs

Court fee: 2 percent of the amount of funds (appraisal price)

Criteria for debtors that may be filed for bankruptcy

In the case of general creditors It complies with the rules in section 9, namely:

1 The debtor is insolvent.

2 If a natural person must have debt amount of not less than 1,000,000 baht, while a juristic person must have debt amount of not less than 2,000,000 baht, whether one creditor or multiple creditors.

3 Must be a certain amount of debt whether the debt is due immediately or in the future

In the event that the creditor is insured in accordance with the rules in the section 10 (subject to Article 9) are:

1 is not a forbidden person shall not enforce the payment of debts to the debtor's property in excess of the assets used as collateral; and

2 said in the lawsuit that If the debtor is bankrupt Will give up collateral for the benefit of all creditors or appraisal of the collateral in the lawsuit, which when deducted with the amount of their debt The money is still lacking for the debtor who is a natural person in the amount of not less than 1,000,000 baht or a debtor who is a juristic person in the amount of not less than 2,000,000 baht.

Filing a petition for bankruptcy

1 File a complaint with the Central Bankruptcy Court

2 While the Regional Bankruptcy Court has not yet opened for business in any locality shall be filed with the provincial court where the debtor is domiciled within the jurisdiction or operates business in that jurisdiction.

Court fees : The plaintiff must deposit a deposit of 5,000 baht for court expenses.

litigation process After the court accepts the complaint for consideration

1 The court must consider the fact that Does the debtor qualify for the bankruptcy lawsuit?

» If you see that it's complete The court will have absolute receivership of the debtor.

» If the qualifications are not complete, or the debtor can attest that the debtor may be able to pay all debts or there are other reasons that the debtor should not be bankrupt The court will immediately dismiss the case (Section 14).

2 During the consideration of the creditor's complaint and before the court has issued an absolute receivership order, the debtor may have unreliable behavior in moving the property. The creditor has the right to submit an application unilaterally. by making a request for temporary receivership of the debtor which the court will make an immediate inquiry When the case is deemed to have grounds, there will be a temporary receivership order. This approach can mitigate creditors' damage to some extent.

3 When the court has issued an absolute receivership order The Receiver will take care and control the business or property. or rights on behalf of the debtor immediately Including civil litigation, litigation, defense, compromise on the debtor's assets as well. The debtor must deliver the property Documents relating to the debtor's property and business to the Receiver and must provide truthful information as well, otherwise subject to criminal fines or imprisonment or both. Up to the discretion of the court

4 Other creditors may request for repayment. In the bankruptcy case together with the announcement of the absolute receivership order which the court will have a time limit.

5 The Receiver will consider the debt repayment applications of the creditors to determine whether Who has the right to average the debt repayment from the debtor's property according to the law. Then the first meeting of creditors was called. To discuss whether the debtor should accept the debtor's request (in case the debtor submits a request for debt reconciliation) or should the court adjudicate the debtor bankruptcy including how to manage assets

6 The court will investigate the debtor. by disclosing to know the financial position The reason for insolvency behavior. Then there is a consideration of the debtor's request for debt reconciliation according to the official receiver's report with the opinion of the meeting of creditors whether they should agree to the compromise or not.

7 after the court has approved the compromise which the meeting of creditors has accepted will begin the process of managing the property according to the agreement immediately If the debtor refuses to pay the debt as agreed in the compromise or delays without reasonable grounds or has fraudulent intent The Receiver reports or any creditor would have a request made as a petition, the court has the power to cancel the compromise and sentence the debtor to bankruptcy as well

In the following cases, the court has to adjudge the debtor bankruptcy (Section 61):

1 The creditors vote at the first or the next creditor's meeting. Ask the court to judge the debtor bankruptcy.

2 Not voting

3 There are no creditors to the meeting.

4 Compounding is not approved.

in either case The Court shall adjudicate the debtor's bankruptcy and the Receiver shall have the power to manage the debtor's property to divide among the creditors. It shall be deemed that the debtor's bankruptcy commences from the date of the court's receivership order after the bankruptcy.

Debtor's Practice Guidelines

1 The debtor must ask the official to determine the pension and if there is any future income. must be delivered to the Receiver to be averaged back to creditors

2 The management of the debtor's property must be authorized by the Receiver first.

3 The debtor cannot go out of the Kingdom. unless the court or the Receiver grants permission in writing. Even the relocation must be notified.

How to get out of bankruptcy

1 The reconciliation is approved and the agreement is fully complied with.

2. The court canceled the bankruptcy. When there are grounds under Section 135, for example, the debt has been paid in full. or after the last division of property or no property will be divided After that, within 10 years, the property could not be collected again. and no creditors ask to collect the bankrupt's assets again or the creditor does not cooperate with the Receiver, etc.

3 The court has issued an order to discharge from bankruptcy.

4 The debtor is discharged from bankruptcy after 3 years from the date of the court adjudication of bankruptcy for a natural person. and the debt which is the cause for filing for bankruptcy is not corrupt

Collection of popular questions

1 When the court has issued an absolute receivership order against the debtor, if the debtor

Loan - Guarantee - Received Debt

Borrowing money is a borrowing contract whereby a person called a “borrower” borrows a certain amount from another person called a “lender” and the borrower agrees to repay the money within the agreed timeframe. The borrower agrees to pay interest to the lender at the agreed rate. The loan is valid upon handover to the borrower. and have evidence of borrowing money

However, when borrowing from 2,000 baht or more, there must be written evidence showing that the loan was actually borrowed. and how much money have been borrowed which must be signed by the borrower is important If the loan is not made in writing Lenders can't file a lawsuit against each other. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 653

Guarantee is a contract which one person calls The "guarantor" promises to pay the debt to the creditor. If the debtor refuses to pay the debt

Proof of Loan - Guarantee

Proof of borrowing must be in writing. which signed the borrower's name There must be significant to see that the loan is sufficient. The law does not force the lender to sign. If the borrower is unable to write the book, the book must be fingerprinted. with 2 witnesses signed to certify

Proof of guarantee must be in writing. which is signed by the guarantor In the event that the guarantor prints fingerprints Two witnesses are required to certify.

example

"I'm Mr. Yodsoo. got a loan from Hia Lam Sam In the amount of 100,000 baht, I promise to return the said amount within April 1, 2012, signed by Mr. Yodsu, the borrower."

The document stating that the money has been received without specifying that it is a debt or has to be refunded It is not evidence of borrowing money.

without having to do or have it at the time of borrowing but at the latest must do and exist while filing a petition requesting for enforcement of loan repayment According to the Supreme Court Judgment 2161/2541, for example, the loan contract, daily record debt receivable letter letter to use back receipt, etc.

interest rate

Borrowing money according to the law stipulates that Lenders cannot claim interest more than 15 percent per year or 1.25 percent per month. If the interest rate exceeds the rate Interest will be null and void, which is not a waste of money. Payment of debt must be deducted from the principal first. will not be able to deduct interest because creditors have no right to receive interest before default According to the Supreme Court's verdict No. 231/2017, the lender can only claim the principal.

In addition, lenders may face prison sentences for criminal offenses for raising interest rates in excess of 2017 Section 4, which carries a maximum prison term of two years or a fine of not more than 200,000 baht, or both. or the charge of perjury in an important case in Section 177 paragraph 1, which carries a prison term of not more than 5 years

Term of filing for accrued interest : The term is only 5 years.

agreeing to charge interest over interest (overdue less than 1 year)

Borrowing parties will agree that the interest is compounded with the principal. then to charge interest in the amount that can be compounded together But the agreement must be made in writing. According to the Civil and Commercial Code, Section 655, first paragraph

accepting debt

is that the debtor admits that he is actually indebted to the creditor which represents the unilateral intent of the debtor This will result in the interruption of the lifespan.

Can occur in many ways, such as legal contracts, torts, windfall should be able to make a letter of debt

how to get debt such as making a book pay off some debt, pay interest, provide bail, or anything else that shows that you are a debt

Receipt of debt does not need to be signed by the creditor. or a witness The law only requires that the debtor's signature must be signed.

Receipt of the debt must be done before the original debt expires, which results in the interruption of the age.

The age of lawsuit is 10 years.

A will is a declaration of intent to determine the death benefit in regard to property.

A will is a declaration of intent to determine the death benefit in regard to property. or in various acts which will be made effective according to the law upon his death, therefore, the will is the matter where the trustee wishes to give his property to anyone.

A simple will, having rules and requirements as provided by law. which should be performed as follows: *Very important*

1 Do it yourself and must be 15 years of age.

2 Not Being Incompetent or a person of unsound mind by court order but in the case of a person who has been ordered by the court to be a quasi-incompetent person be able to make a will without the consent of the guardian

3 Has not been intimidated, misled, or defrauded

4 Authors, publishers or witnesses in a will including spouse will not be a receiver of the property according to the will

5 printed wills You can sign your name or type your finger. But you can't use a stamp or curry paste.

6 Must be a letter dated / month / year while making a will If not signed is void.

7. The testator must sign his name in the presence of at least two witnesses at the same time.

8 Two witnesses must certify the signature of the testator at that time.

9 Scratching, deleting, dropping, adding or making any other alterations which the will is incomplete. As a result, only the omitted text is incomplete. Other parts are compulsory.

10, the author of the text of the will Must sign their names both identified as the author If a witness Write a statement stating that they are witnesses at the end of their signature.

Qualifications of witnesses in a will

1 has reached the age of majority

2 Not an insane person or a virtual incompetent person

3 Not being deaf, dumb, or blind on both sides.

4 Witnesses must sign only. You can print your finger or go to curry. or cannot use the stamp

For example, property that is "non-inherited" because it is the property that arises "after" the death of the deceased.

» funeral money

» Compensation

» Right to receive from life insurance money

» The right to withdraw the loan according to the amount of the overdraft loan agreement with the bank

» Special Pension under the Government Pension Act 1951

note

If the legatee dies before the testator Wills will fall and property devolved to statutory heirs according to the Civil and Commercial Code, Sections 1698 (1) and 1699

In the event that a will is void

» A will made by a person under 15 years of age

» A will made contrary to the provisions of the Civil and Commercial Code, that is, does not follow the form

» appointing a legate, provided that let the legatee dispose of his own property by a will to the testator or a person outside the stipulations

» testament which defines a person who is not known for sure as a legatee

» A will that clearly identifies the beneficated property and cannot be known for certain. or let any person determine more or less according to his heart

» A will made by an incompetent person ordered by the court but if made by someone who is claimed to be insane which the court has not ordered to be incompetent A will is wasted only if it is proven to be made in a time of insanity.

Attachment/Attachment for writing a will

1 house registration, identity card of the maker

2 House registration, the recipient's identity card

3 ID cards of 2 witnesses

4 Property documents such as land title deeds, condominium ownership certificates bank passbook car registration Firearm registration, etc.

5 Important documents showing change of name-surname (if any)

credit card case Personal Loan O/D Loan

Credit card is a loan service. which is the money that the bank or service company has been issued advance payment and bill later by charging a service fee or annual fee from the member For litigation, there are many in court.

• The lawsuit against the domicile (according to the house registration) of the credit card user.

by credit card debt case There is no need to ask for or terminate the contract first. The plaintiff can force the defendant to pay all such debts immediately, so credit card cases in general. When the creditor has notified the debtor's repayment schedule. When due, the debtor does not pay. The prescription will begin counting immediately on the next day, unless it is the case that the age interruption stops under Section 193/14 of the Civil and Commercial Code, such as the debtor making a letter of debt. or pay some debt, etc.

«Age of knowledge»

1 General credit cards are valid for 2 years starting from the last payment default, that is, the due date on the invoice.

2 Personal loan debts have a term of 5 years starting from the last payment default. (Loan agreement with repayment of principal and interest in installments)

3 Overdraft line (OD) debt or current account contract has a term of 10 years from the termination of the deduction. (Date of stopping account operations – withdrawing money)

Most debtors understand that When the debt has expired If the creditor can't sue, it ends, or if sued, the court probably won't accept the lawsuit. due to expired But the fact that even the debt has expired But the creditor can file a lawsuit.

In order for the court to bring up the matter the expiration of the statute of limitations The debtor must submit a statement of defense in respect of the termination of the lawsuit. up to be an argument in court which the court will consider checking the facts and if it is true as the debtor submits a testimony The court will have a judgment "dismissal" under Section 193/29, which states that "When the age limit is not raised as a defense The court cannot claim age as a ground for dismissal."

The fight that the plaintiff's case expired. The defendant must clearly testify under Section 177 of Civil Procedure Code as follows:

1 Lack of knowledge about what?

2 When is the expiration date?

3 Why?

Notice

Traded debt and transfer of claims between the bank and the bad debt management company Most of them are all debts that have expired.

inheritance case

The hierarchy of statutory heirs by blood

1 Descendants, children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, lon, including illegitimate children recognized by the father and adopted child

2 parents

3 brothers and sisters of the same parents

4 brothers and sisters of the same father or mother

5 Grandparents, grandfathers, grandmothers

6 uncles, aunts, aunts

principle of inheritance

1 If it is a Sin Somros, the spouse must first divide it in half. The remainder is therefore an inheritance that will be divided among the heirs.

2 first hierarchical heirs Cut off the descendants of the latter hierarchy where the 1st and 2nd hierarchy do not intersect.

3 If there is no heir of the 6th class, that wealth shall be vested in the land.

4 Heirs of the same hierarchy are entitled to equal inheritance.

5 if the heir of the 1st, 3rd, 4th or 6th tier dies before the heir The deceased heir has the right to inherit instead.

easy way to divide

1 If there is also an heir in the first degree, the spouse has the right to inherit as if he was an heir in the degree of children.

2. If there is no 1st tier heir, only 2nd tier heir, the spouse is entitled to half of the inheritance. the other half belonged to their parents.

3 If there are no heirs in the 1st and 2nd hierarchy, the spouse is entitled to half of the inheritance. The other half belonged to the heirs of the 3rd hierarchy.

4. If there is no 1st, 2nd and 3rd hierarchical heirs, the spouse is entitled to inherit two thirds, the other one third belongs to the 4th hierarchical heir.

5 If there is no 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th heirs, the spouse is entitled to inherit 2 of the 3 and the other 1 third belongs to the 5th hierarchy.

6. If there is no 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th heirs, the spouse is entitled to inherit 2/3rds, the other 1/3 belongs to the 6th descendants.

7 If there are no statutory heirs All spouses

Sharing of inheritance among heirs may be possible. by the following methods

1 heirs take possession of the property as a proportion, or

2 by selling inheritance and then divide the proceeds from the sale among the heirs, or

3 by making a contract with evidence in writing signed by the liable party (By applying the principle of a compromise agreement)

The trustee is obliged to collect the inheritance to share among the heirs. (Not to share with other people or their own relatives), so the administrator of the estate in possession of the inheritance therefore must be considered to be occupied instead of other heirs will not be able to refer to the age of the heir

Inheritance is all assets. including the rights, duties and responsibilities of the deceased which the deceased existed before or at the time of his death except that by nature it is truly the identity of the deceased

Inheritance is all assets. including the rights, duties and responsibilities of the deceased which the deceased existed before or at the time of his death except that by nature it is truly the identity of the deceased

An administrator of an estate is a person who has been appointed by the court. to perform the task of collecting assets and divide the inheritance to the heirs who are entitled to receive

The trustee has two sources: as stated in the will. or by court order

There are 6 statutory heirs.

1 Descendants, including children recognized by their fathers by circumstance

2 parents

3 brothers and sisters of the same parents

4 brothers and sisters or share the same mother

5 Grandparents, grandfathers, grandmothers

6 uncles, aunts, aunts

for husband and wife Marriage registration is required only.

person who has the right to submit an application

» A statutory heir who has the right to inherit or the legatee

» Stakeholders such as wives who have not registered their marriage, etc.

» Public Prosecutor

Property Manager

1 At least 20 years of age

2 Not an insane person or a virtual incompetent person

3 Not Bankrupt

Supporting Documents

1 Document showing the relationship between the petitioner and the deceased, such as birth certificate, marriage certificate, house registration, identification card, etc.

2 death certificates

3 Documents related to inheritance such as title deeds, condominium ownership certificates bank passbook car registration Firearm registration, etc.

4 kinship accounts

5 Letter of consent to be an administrator of the estate from the heir

6 wills (if any)

7 An important document showing the name-surname change (if any)

court fees

1 court fee 200 baht

2 Newspaper announcement fee 500 baht

3 Closing notice at the deceased's domicile or district office According to the court's subpoena rate 300 - 700 baht

Processing time

When the petition has been submitted to the court The hearing of the petition will be scheduled for approximately 2 months. After the investigation of the petition is completed, the petitioner can request a copy of the order appointing the trustee. with the final case certificate for further use

jurisdiction

1 According to the domicile of the heir

2 If there is no domicile in the country to go to the court where the property is located

Powers of the trustee

The trustee has the right and duty to take necessary actions. to manage the inheritance in general and is responsible for collecting inheritance to divide to statutory heirs or heirs as well as to pay the debts of the deceased to the creditors Make inheritance and management accounting entries. which must be managed in a way that is beneficial to the inheritance cannot do any juristic act against the inheritance

If the trustee neglects to perform duties such as concealing the inheritance to the heirs or ignore the inheritance An heir who is entitled to an inheritance or an interested person may request the court to order the withdrawal of the administrator of the estate.

Duties of the trustee starting from the date the court has issued the following order

1 Prepare an inheritance account within 15 days and must be completed within 1 month. If not completed, you can request permission from the court to extend the period.

» Inheritance Account There must be 2 witnesses, which must be heirs who have interests in the estate as well.

» Must include property listing Claims, money, value and number of creditors How much is the total amount?

» If not completed within the specified time and according to the prescribed form or the account is not satisfactory to the court because of gross negligence or fraud or the apparent inability of the trustee The court may withdraw the administrator of the estate.

2. Must manage to make a report showing the management account. and share the inheritance to all heirs to be completed within 1 year from the date the court ordered the appointment by the majority of the heirs or the court will prescribe otherwise.

3 The trustee has no right to receive a gratuity from the estate. Unless the will or the heir of the majority of the votes are determined.

4 will do any juristic act in which he has no interest against the inheritance unless the will has been permitted or permitted by the court

5 have to manage the inheritance on their own

6 If the administrator of the estate enters into a juristic act with a third person for the sake of any property or any other benefits that third parties have given or has pledged that it is a personal fortune that will not bind the heir unless the heir agrees

7 There must be a reasonable investigation of the stakeholders and notify the will of the will with respect to the stakeholder within a reasonable time.

8. The heir must inform the trustee of all assets and liabilities of the deceased as he knows to the trustee.

9 The administrator of the estate must allocate the inheritance and deliver it promptly by paying off the inheritance debt (if any) first.

End of being a trustee

1 die

2 resignation, which requires permission from the court but if there is any damage during the function must be responsible

3, the court has ordered the withdrawal

4 Become a person who has prohibited qualifications such as bankruptcy insane person or virtual incompetence, etc.

5 The management of the inheritance is over. and starting to count the age of inheritance management 5 years in case the heir has been damaged

วันจันทร์ที่ 27 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2565

IN REMEMBRANCE OF KING BHUMIBOL RTAF Royal Thai Air Force Militaria Patch

In Remembrance of His Royal Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great

National –

October 13th annually commemorates the five-year anniversary of the passing of His Royal Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) who passed away in 2016 at the age of 88. The day has been observed as a national holiday to pay tribute and remember his legacy.

Considered as Thailand’s longest-serving monarch since 1946, His Majesty King Rama IX had been nationally and internationally recognized for his ability to stave off numerous national catastrophes through his intelligence, fortitude, and his love of the country and the Thai people.

His countless royal projects and his self-sufficiency philosophy have been passed on to fight poverty and improve the quality of life for Thai citizens. As a result, he was regarded as the “Father of the Nation”.

In remembrance of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Thai people are encouraged to wear yellow, which represents the King’s symbolized color, as a mark of respect. Some will gather to participate in charity and community services such as road or beach cleaning, picking up garbage, distributing food, donations, and other good deeds.

Several activities would be planned to pay homage to His Royal Majesty by the Thai government, including an alms-giving ceremony for Buddhist monks and novices. However, this year’s gatherings and other official ceremonies would either not be officially held due to the current spread of the Covid-19 Coronavirus or toned down to small, tightly-controlled ceremonies.

https://buzzinpattaya.com/in-remembrance-of-his-royal-majesty-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-the-great/#:~:text=In%20remembrance%20of%20His%20Majesty%20King%20Bhumibol%20Adulyadej%2C,garbage%2C%20distributing%20food%2C%20donations%2C%20and%20other%20good%20deeds.

Division of Aeronautical Engineering Royal Thai Air Force Militaria Patch

Wing 2

Helicopter wing providing utility/transport and search and rescue. Normally based at RTAFB Khok Kathiam in Lopburi Province

King's Soldter KING BHUMIBOL RTAF Royal Thai Air Force Militaria Patch

King's Soldter KING BHUMIBOL RTAF

Royal Thai Air Force Militaria Patch

PITCH BLACK 2008 RTAF ROYAL THAI AIR FORCE Patch

Exercise Pitch Black is the Air Force's largest biennial exercise. It aims to strengthen regional partnerships, improve interoperability between nations and promote regional stability. The exercise has origins back to 1981 and has seen an evolution in people and technology through the years.

1981-1982

The exercises were first held from RAAF Base Williamtown over 15-16 June 1981 and 28-30 July 1982 between different RAAF units, and are believed to have focused largely on air defence.

Local squadrons (No. 77 Squadron) flying Mirage IIIO fighters were coordinated by surveillance from No. 3 Control and Reporting Unit to defend against 'enemy' F-111C attack.

1983

Exercise Pitch Black 83 (9-13 May 1983) was held in Darwin with No. 1 Squadron and No. 77 Squadron, marking the first time the exercise was conducted in the Northern Territory. It was also the first major RAAF exercise to be held in Darwin after Cyclone Tracy in December 1974.

The exercise also saw the debut of an international partner - the United States Air Force, which brought B-52 bombers and KC-135 tankers to participate alongside RAAF Mirage IIIs and F-111Cs.

No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit, equipped with AN/TPS-43 radars, were deployed to Mount Goodwin Wadeye in the Northern Territory to provide airspace surveillance.

1984

Exercise Pitch Black 84 (May 1984) was a bigger exercise than its predecessor, held again from RAAF Base Darwin and introducing the Royal New Zealand Air Force with its A-4K Skyhawks. They were joined by United States Air Force KC-135A tankers and B-52 bombers, along with F-4E Phantom strike fighters in their debut appearance.

The United States Air Force also brought an E-3A Sentry surveillance aircraft, equipped with an Airborne Warning and Control System that provided radar coverage of the exercise area.

The RAAF participated with F-111Cs and Mirage IIIs, and was also able to use its CH-47C Chinook helicopters to lift mobile radars operated by No 114 Control and Reporting Unit around the exercise area. The Royal Australian Navy also flew a HS748 in an electronic warfare support role at the exercise, and Australian Army Porters, Nomads, and Kiowas also participated.

The undercarriage of a RAAF Mirage became jammed after one afternoon combat session, resulting in it being ditched in swampy scrubland east of Darwin, and the crew ejecting to safety. The Mirages were grounded for the remainder of the exercise until further investigation could take place.

Airspace surveillance was led by No. 2 Control and Reporting Unit for the exercise.

1986

Exercise Pitch Black 86 (4-21 April 1986) saw the exercise return to RAAF Base Williamtown, which allowed for the RAAF's recently-delivered F/A-18 Hornet to participate in the exercise for the first time. The new Hornets were limited however to participating in Dissimilar Air Combat Training - essentially dogfighting practice with other participants - and did not support the Air Defence component of the exercise.

Once again, the United States Air Force returned with eight F-4E Phantoms, which deployed to Williamtown non-stop from Taegu Air Base in South Korea with a KC-10A Extender tanker. They participated alongside the RAAF's own F-111Cs (from RAAF Base Amberley). No. 114 Control and Reporting Unit meanwhile located itself near Walcha in New South Wales to provide remotely deployed area defence. This was the first time a sector area defence commander had operated from a remotely deployed Sector Area Defence Operations Control (SADOC).

In the field, the Australian Army's 16 Air Defence Regiment with Rapier missiles worked alongside the American Army's 1BN 62nd Air Defence Artillery with Redeye Missiles. Off the coast, the Royal Australian Navy's guided missile destroyer HMAS Hobart also provided support.

1987

Exercise Pitch Black 87 (8-19 June 1987) saw the exercise return to the Northern Territory. The RAAF's F/A-18 Hornets (from No. 3 Squadron) participated in the Air Defence component of the exercise for the first time, and were once again joined by United States Air Force F-4 Phantoms (from the 90th Tactical Fighter Wing) along with B-52s, KC-10s, and KC-135s.

The RAAF also participated with F-111Cs, Mirage IIIs, Orions, B707s, C-130 Hercules, Caribous, Chinooks, and even Squirrel helicopters. 'Blue Force' Hornets and Mirages cooperated with No. 2 Control and Reporting Unit and No. 114 Control and Reporting Unit (Mobile) to provide air defence against 'Orange Land' F-111s, F-4Es, B52s, Orions, Hercules, and even a Royal Australian Navy HS748.

On the ground, Blue Force also comprised the Australian Army's own 16 Air Defence Regiment, which worked with the American Army's 25th Infantry Division. No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit provided 24-hour operations for a significant period of the exercise, deployed in the field to Port Keats in the Northern Territory, and transmitting data from the site via satellite communications link.

For the first time at Exercise Pitch Black, a RAAF Hornet conducted an aerobatic display during the RAAF Base Darwin Open Day.

1988

Exercise Pitch Black 88 (18-22 July 1988) saw the debut of the United States Marine Corps, which brought a KC-130 Hercules tanker as well as A-6 Intruder strike jets and EA-6B Prowler electronic attack jets.

The United States Air Force meanwhile debuted the F-15 Eagle in the exercise, as well as returning with the B-52 bomber and KC-135 tanker.

By 1988, the Australian Government had expressed an interest in acquiring its own Airborne Early Warning and Control platform, and USAF participation in Exercise Pitch Black 88 included the return of an E-3A Sentry surveillance aircraft (which had participated in the exercise in 1984).

The RAAF's participation in Exercise Pitch Black 88 included Hornets, F-111Cs, and for the last time, the Mirage III.

1990

Exercise Pitch Black 90 (16 July to 3 August) witnessed the first participation by the Republic of Singapore Air Force, which has returned to every subsequent Pitch Black exercise as of 2018. Singaporean F-5E Tiger fighter jets flew alongside RAAF F/A-18s and F-111Cs.

Another major first was the introduction of RAAF Base Tindal to the exercise, following its completion as a permanent base in October 1988. Exercise Pitch Black 90 also involved tactical transports like the Caribou delivering Special Air Service personnel into the exercise area and 'probing' ground defences.

The United States Air Force also participated with B-52 and B-1 bombers, as well as KC-135 and KC-10 tankers. The Royal Australian Navy was represented with HS748 aircraft and the guided missile destroyer HMAS Brisbane.

Once again, a United States Air Force E-3A Sentry surveillance aircraft helped provide an integrated 'air picture' alongside ground-based radars from No. 2 and 3 Control and Reporting Units, No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit, and the (then) developmental Jindalee Over the Horizon Radar (JORN), providing the most comprehensive coverage of northern Australia since World War II.

1991

Exercise Pitch Black 91 (16-30 August 1991) saw the RAAF introduce its own air-to-air refuelling capability, with a recently modified Boeing 707 tanker able to refuel RAAF Hornets during missions.

The exercise also saw the first major participation of RAAF Base Curtin - a bare base in the north of Western Australia, which had been completed in 1988. Curtin became home of 'Orange Force' during the exercise, which played the role of the enemy forces in the exercise scenario, and supported 110 personnel and about 50 aircraft including 76 Squadron Macchis and 75 Squadron Hornets.

'Blue Force' aircraft operated from RAAF Bases Darwin and Tindal. The latter base's defences on the ground were tested, with No. 2 Airfield Defence Squadron facing off against elements of Army's 3RAR and the Special Air Service Regiment.

Returning to Exercise Pitch Black were the United States Marine Corps A-6E Intruder and EA-6B Prowlers, Republic of Singapore Air Force F-5E Tigers (along with A-4 Skyhawks jets and E-2C Hawkeye surveillance aircraft; and United States Air Force F-15C Eagles, supported by a KC-10A Extender tanker.

1993

Exercise Pitch Black 93 (26 July - 13 August 1993) saw the debut of the Republic of Singapore Air Force F-16 fighters at Pitch Black. They were joined at Darwin by Singapore's A-4 Skyhawks and an E-2C Hawkeye.

The United States Air Force participated from RAAF Base Darwin with a squadron of 18th Wing F-15C Eagles from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, and a pair of B-52 bombers from the 596th Bomber Squadron.

RAAF Hornets operated form RAAF Base Tindal, where they were also supported by a No 33 Squadron detachment providing Boeing 707 tanker air-to-air refuelling. Radar surveillance was provided by 1 Radar Surveillance Unit at Jindalee.

1994

Exercise Pitch Black 94 (4-18 August 1994) involved a return from the United States Marine Corps, this time operating AV-8B Harrier strike jets from RAAF Base Darwin. Alongside them were Republic of Singapore Air Force F-16s, A-4s, F-5s, and E-2C Hawkeye.

RAAF Base Curtin was once again used, this time housing RAAF F-111Cs from Nos 1 and 6 Squadrons in the role of 'Orange Force' enemy strike jets. F/A-18s from Nos 3 and 75 Squadrons were exposed to a wide range of opposing aircraft.

1996

Held from 15 July to 2 August 1996, Exercise Pitch Black 96 involved approximately 4000 people, including a greater American presence with the return of United States Air Force F-16s, KC-10s, B-52s, and an E-3A Sentry surveillance aircraft in the exercise.

The Republic of Singapore Air Force returned with F-16s, a pair of E-2C Hawkeyes, KC-130B Hercules tankers, and A-4 Skyhawks. RAAF involvement included staples such as its F/A-18s, F-111Cs, and Boeing 707 air-to-air tankers.

United States Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornets flew alongside No 75 Squadron RAAF Hornets from RAAF Base Tindal.

Once again, the subject of an Airborne Early Warning and Control capability for the RAAF was brought into focus by the exercise, which saw both friendly Blue Force and opposition Orange Force employing their own airborne surveillance aircraft for the first time.

1997

Exercise Pitch Black 97 involved just the RAAF and the Republic of Singapore Air Force.

It once again included RAAF F-111Cs from Amberley along with F/A-18 Hornets from Nos. 75 and 77 Squadron, and Boeing 707 air-to-air refuelling tankers and C-130 Hercules.

Singapore participated with F-16s and A-4 Skyhawks, along with a pair of C-130 Hercules.

1998

Exercise Pitch Black 98 (17-28 August 1998) introduced the Royal Air Force to the exercise, bringing an E-3D Sentry surveillance aircraft and two C-130K Hercules transports.

It also involved Republic of Singapore Air Force A-4 Skyhawks, F-16s, E-2C Hawkeyes, and KC-130Bs.

The exercise involved RAAF F/A-18s, F-111s, C-130s, Machhis, B707s, and a P-3C It was also the finale for the RAAF's MB326 Macchi jets involvement in a Pitch Black exercise, operated by No. 79 Squadron from RAAF Base Tindal.

While past Pitch Black exercises involved AEW&C aircraft in the air defence role, this year saw the E-3D and E-2C used extensively in the strike direction role.

2000

Australian aircraft included F/A-18 Hornets, F-111 strike aircraft and C-130 Hercules, as well as Boeing 707 refuelling aircraft.

The Royal Air Force returned to Australia for Exercise Pitch Black 2000 (22 Jul – 5 August 2000), this time bringing an increased contingent - Tornado GR.4 strike and F.3 fighter jets, along with two VC-10 tankers and E-3D Sentry surveillance aircraft.

The Republic of Singapore Air Force likewise returned with F-16 fighters, RF-5s tactical reconnaissance jets, and an E-2C Hawkeye surveillance aircraft. The United States Marine Corps also participated with 12 F/A-18D Hornets coming from Hawaii. Both provided KC-130 refuelling aircraft.

Infamously, a 1974 Landcruiser was destroyed in Darwin when an AIM-7 Sparrow training device detached from a RAAF Hornet as it was returning to base - happily, without injury.

2002

Exercise Pitch Black 02 (15 July to 02 August 2002) returned to the Australian East Coast for the first time since 1986, with the Republic of Singapore Air Force being the only international participant. Singapore returned to the exercise with its F-16s, F-5s, and a KC-135 tanker.

For the first time, the RAAF participated with the Hawk 127 Lead-In Fighter, as well as with the Hornet and F-111.

The Army’s 16th Air Defence Regiment from Woodside in South Australia deployed to Coonabarabran, bringing their deadly accurate surface-to-air missiles into the mix.

2004

Exercise Pitch Black 04 (18 July to 6 August 2004) involved two debut participants - the Royal Thai Air Force (which brought F-16 jets) and Armee de l'Air (French Air Force, bringing a C-135 tanker and Mirage 2000-5 jets).

The Republic of Singapore Air Force returned with a KC-135 tanker along with an E-2C Hawkeye surveillance aircraft and F-16s.

RAAF involvement included the return of the Hawk 127 along with the recently delivered C-130J Hercules, as well as PC-9s, F/A-18s, F-111s, Orions and Boeing 707 tanker.

2006

Held from 28 July to 18 August 2006, Exercise Pitch Black 06 saw the return of the Royal Air Force with an E-3D Sentry surveillance aircraft, and the participation of RAAF Base Curtin in Western Australia - once again housing RAAF F-111 strike jets.

The Royal Thai Air Force returned with its F-16s and the Republic of Singapore Air Force once again participated with F-16s, F-5s, KC-135s, and the E-2C Hawkeye surveillance aircraft.

RAAF participation once again involved the Boeing 707 tanker, C-130 Hercules, AP-3C Orion, and F/A-18 Hornet.

2008

Exercise Pitch Black 08 (6 June to 27 June 2008) farewelled a number of aircraft from the exercise - the RAAF's own Boeing 707 tanker (retired from service immediately after the exercise), the DHC-4 Caribou (retired in 2009 after 45 years of Australian service), and the Republic of Singapore Air Force's own F-5 Tigers - regular Pitch Black participants since 1990, and retired in 2015.

2008 however also introduced a number of new Pitch Black participants. The Royal Malaysian Air Force brought F/A-18D Hornets and a KC-130M Hercules tanker to RAAF Base Darwin, whilst an E-3A Sentry from the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Early Warning and Control Force also came to Darwin. The Armee de l'Air also brought with it an E-3F Sentry from France.

Elsewhere, the Royal Thai Air Force returned with F-16s, the Republic of Singapore also brought its F-16s, KC-135, and E-2C Hawkeye, and the United States Marine Corps participated with F/A-18 Hornets and KC-130J Hercules. The RAAF meanwhile participated with its own Hornets,

2010

Exercise Pitch Black 10 was held over 16 July - 06 August 2010, and marked the final involvement from RAAF F-111s in the exercise before their involvement later that year. The Royal New Zealand Air Force meanwhile participated in the exercise with a C-130H Hercules, providing airlift support to Pitch Black bases and even role-playing as a high-value asset and non-combatant during exercise missions.

RAAF participation once again involved the F/A-18 Hornet, Hawk and PC-9/A aircraft, with the Royal Thai Air Force bringing its F-16s, and Republic of Singapore Air Force bringing F-16s, an E-2C Hawkeye, and KC-135 tanker.

2012

Held from 27 July to 17 August 2012, Exercise Pitch Black 12 brought in some big introductions for the exercise. The Indonesian Air Force participated for the first time, bringing with them four Flanker fighter jets - a pair of single-seat Su-27s, and a pair of two-seat Su-30s.

They weren't the only first-timers however. The Republic of Singapore Air Force brought its F-15SG Eagles and Gulfstream G550 Conformal Airborne Early Warning (CAEW) aircraft to Pitch Black for the first time (along with their returning F-16s and KC-135). The RAAF meanwhile debuted its F/A-18F Super Hornets as well as the KC-30A Multi-Role Tanker Transport.

Elsewhere, the United States Marine Corps (with its F/A-18s) and Royal Thai Air Force (with its F-16s) also returned. Exercise Pitch Black 12 however also saw the end of an era for the RAAF's own C-130H Hercules, retired the following November. The C-130Hs had run a range of missions throughout Pitch Black history, from 'high-value asset' during missions, to delivering 'enemy' soldiers into the exercise area to test ground defences.

2014

Exercise Pitch Black 14 (1-22 August 2014) saw the realisation of a goal long sought after throughout the exercise's history - a RAAF airborne early warning and control capability. The E-7A Wedgetail was utilised in the exercise by No. 2 Squadron from facilities at RAAF Base Tindal, providing an airborne 'picture' of the exercise airspace.

Other newcomers included the United Arab Emirates Air Force (with its six Mirage 2000-9s and one A330 Multi-Role Tanker Transport), and JAS-39 Gripens from the Royal Thai Air Force. The New Caledonian Armed Forces too sent a CASA CN235 transport for the first time, providing air mobility and a variety of role-playing functions in exercise scenarios.

The United States Marine Corps and Republic of Singapore Air Force also participated in Exercise Pitch Black 14, with the New Zealand Defence Force sending a combat support contingent to help with the running of the exercise.

2016

For Exercise Pitch Black 16 (29 July to 19 August) it was the Royal Canadian Air Force's time to debut, bringing a CC-130T Hercules tanker to RAAF Base Tindal and providing air mobility and air-to-air refuelling in the exercise area. The Indonesian Air Force returned to Pitch Black, bringing with them their F-16A and B jets.

The RAAF debuted the Heron Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in the exercise from RAAF Base Tindal, whilst the C-17A Globemaster participated in exercise missions for the very first time. Until now, the C-17A had been limited to providing logistics support to units deploying on the exercise.

Germany and the Netherlands sent personnel to work alongside Australian Fighter Controllers and Air Battlespace Managers in the exercise. The exercise also involved the Royal Thai Air Force (F-16s), Republic of Singapore Air Force (F-15SGs, F-16C and Ds, G550 and KC-135), New Caledonia Armed Forces (CN235), and United States Air Force (F-16Cs) as well as the RAAF's own Hornets, Super Hornets, KC-30As, C-130Js, King Airs, Wedgetails, and PC-9s.

2018

Exercise Pitch Black 2018 (27 July until 18 August 2018) was perhaps the biggest Pitch Black in the exercise's history. It brought together 4000 personnel and 140 aircraft, including first-time participants from the Indian Air Force - flying Su-30MKI Flanker jets and a C-130J Hercules. The French Air Force returned to Pitch Black with a trio of Rafale B jets in their debut appearance. Likewise, the Royal Malaysian Air Force returned for the first time since 2008, bringing F/A-18D Hornets and an A400M Atlas (the latter's first time at Pitch Black).

For the RAAF, it was the first time out at Pitch Black for the E/A-18G Growler and the C-27J Spartan, which was put to good use in supporting the establishment of a remote deployed base at Batchelor Airfield, a small airstrip approximately 100 kilometres south of Darwin.

The United States Marine Corps once again flew F/A-18D Hornets from RAAF Base Tindal, however the introduction of the Marine Rotational Force - Darwin allowed for MV-22B Osprey tilt-rotors to be used in some exercise scenarios for the first time.

The exercise also involved the Royal Thai Air Force (bringing back its Gripens), Republic of Singapore Air Force (F-15SGs, F-16C and Ds, G550, and the KC-135 - the last time the tanker would be flown by Singapore in the exercise), New Caledonia Armed Forces (CN235), Royal Canadian Air Force (CC-130T Hercules) and United States Air Force (F-16Cs) as well as the RAAF's own Super Hornets, KC-30As, C-130Js, King Airs, Wedgetails.

Exercise Pitch Black 18 farewelled two RAAF types from its line-up - the PC-9, retired from No. 4 Squadron service in 2019; and the F/A-18A and B Hornet, which had been slated for Exercise Pitch Black 20 until that exercise was cancelled.

https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/history/pitch-black-1981-2018